Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of the continents

Abstract

Arc magmas and the continental crust share many chemical features, but a major question remains as to whether these features are created by subduction or are recycled from subducting sediment. This question is explored here using Th/La, which is low in oceanic basalts (<0·2), elevated in the continents (>0·25) and varies in arc basalts and marine sediments (0·09-0·34). Volcanic arcs form linear mixing arrays between mantle and sediment in plots of Th/La vs Sm/La. The mantle end-member for different arcs varies between highly depleted and enriched compositions. The sedimentary end-member is typically the same as local trench sediment. Thus, arc magmas inherit their Th/La from subducting sediment and high Th/La is not newly created during subduction (or by intraplate, adakite or Archaean magmatism). Instead, there is a large fractionation in Th/La within the continental crust, caused by the preferential partitioning of La over Th in mafic and accessory minerals. These observations suggest a mechanism of 'fractionation & foundering', whereby continents differentiate into a granitic upper crust and restite-cumulate lower crust, which periodically founders into the mantle. The bulk continental crust can reach its current elevated Th/La if arc crust differentiates and loses 25-60% of its mafic residues to foundering. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.