Nonlymphoid reservoirs of HIV replication in children with chronic-progressive disease

Abstract

Autopsy tissues from 2 cohorts of age-matched HIV-infected children with similar plasma viral load (>105 HIV RNA copies/ml), but with distinct AIDS-associated disease manifestations, were examined for sites of persistent HIV replication. One group consisted of 3 children with severe lymphoid atrophy and peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts of <10/mm3. Another group was composed of 6 children with extensive hyperplasia of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues and blood CD4+ T cell counts >500/mm3. Hyperplastic bronchiole- and gut-associated lymphoid tissues were characterized by extensive networks of germinal center follicular dendritic cells (FDC) containing large amounts of immune-complexed virion RNA. Conversely, pulmonary and gastrointestinal tissues from children with severe CD4+ T cell depletion were devoid of any secondary lymphoid structures, yet these tissues also harbored high concentrations of HIV RNA. Dual in situ procedures showed that only macrophage (Mφ) within these sites contained tat fusion transcripts, a product of post-transcriptional splicing and a correlate of productive infection. When examining explant cultures of Mφ and FDC, only Mφ harbored HIV tat mRNA and only Mφ demonstrated budding retroviral particles. Hence, germinal center FDC in secondary lymphoid tissues are key reservoirs of immune-complexed HIV RNA and are likely to contribute to AIDS-associated lymphoproliferations; however, these cells do not support HIV replication, and failure to do so results from a post-transcriptional block in the virus life cycle. Moreover, gut and pulmonary Mφ represent a lineage of cells that are permissive to HIV replication and contribute significantly to the high viral load in children with severe CD4+ T cell depletion. It will be important to identify the molecular mechanisms that allow for these highly productive infections of Mφ.