Oral HPV Related Diseases: A Review and an Update

Abstract

Increased deadspace and reduced lung compliance contribute to increased effort in breathing in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Increased intrapulmonary shunt is the primary cause of hypoxemia. Together, these pathophysiologic changes cause acute respiratory failure. Without mechanical ventilation, many patients with acute lung injury or ARDS would die within hours to days with severe hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis. Mechanical ventilation can ensure adequate gas exchange in most patients for days to weeks. During this time, specific treatments such as antibiotics can be administered, and additional supportive care can be provided. With time, natural healing processes can restore lung structure and function to nearly normal levels in many patients. 27 Normal resting tidal volumes are approximately 6 to 8 mL/kg. Traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation in patients with acute lung injury or ARDS used tidal volumes of 10 to 15 mL/kg. This generous tidal volume could compensate for the increase in deadspace, allowing arterial PCO 2 to be maintained at normal levels in most patients. Hyperventilation with high tidal volumes and respiratory rates also Funded by NIH NHLBI grant N01-HR-46063