Functional Electrical Stimulation in Dysphagia Treatment

Abstract

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is increasingly used in the treatment of neurogenic dysphagia. While there is no established stimulation protocol, various types of current and application forms have been studied. This chapter focuses on the different stimulation modalities and their possible applications. A distinction must be made between neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and FES, while terms are often used inconsistently in scientific literature. The greatest benefit can be expected from a combination of FES and conventional swallowing therapy. However, it is essential that stimulation should be applied simultaneously to swallowing or functional exercises. Therefore, in order to increase treatment effects of conventional therapy, a combination of FES and functional exercises seems to be the most appropriate. In addition, the current evidence is highlighted and the use of optimal stimulation current parameters is discussed. Practical implementation of FES will be demonstrated by photo and video examples of specific application forms used in dysphagia treatment. However, FES has great potential in the treatment of dysphagia but requires further research.