Determination of Hg and Se in swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from Mediterranean Sea: Implications for nutritional recommendations during pregnancy and childhood

Abstract

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are important marine predators facing potential mercury (Hg) contamination. This study analyzed Hg levels in swordfish muscle tissue from two Mediterranean Sea stocks. Italian specimens showed significantly higher Hg concentrations (1.4 ± 0.8 mg kg−1 ww) than Spanish ones (0.8 ± 0.5 mg kg−1 ww), with many samples exceeding EU's safety limit (1 mg kg−1 ww). Selenium (Se) content and Se:Hg ratios were examined, along with the maximum safe fish meals per month for vulnerable consumers. These results highlight the urgent need for monitoring and mitigation strategies to reduce health risks, especially for susceptible populations.