Bismuth-based nanoparticles for CT imaging

Abstract

Bismuth (Z = 83) is the heaviest stable nonradioactive element with a strong X-ray attenuation power. On the other hand, bismuth compounds are considered to be nontoxic compared to those of its heavy metal neighbors such as Hg, Tl, and Pb. Despite the venerable history of its applications in treating cephalitis and stomach ulcers, bismuth and its small-molecule compounds have not afforded clinically useful CT contrast agents due largely to the low solubility of such compounds in aqueous solutions. In the last few years, bismuth-containing nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for the development.