Trends and Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Patients Presenting to an Ophthalmology Emergency Department with an Initial Diagnosis of Optic Nerve Head Elevation

Abstract

Objective: Optic nerve head elevation may be the only clinical sign of a vision-and/or life-threatening condition, particularly in children who are asymptomatic or fail to report symptoms. The purpose of this study is to identify epidemiologic trends, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic outcomes of pediatric patients presenting to an ophthalmology emergency department (ED) with suspected optic nerve head elevation. Methods: This retrospective study identified pediatric patients (≤18 years) presenting to an ophthalmology ED over a five-year period with suspected optic nerve head elevation to describe demographic trends, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic outcomes. Results: Of the 213 patients, the majority were female (73.2%) and tended to be older than males (14.3 vs 11.2 years, p<0.001). The most common diagnoses were papilledema (52.6%), pseudopapilledema (31.5%), and optic nerve drusen (8.0%). When symptoms were present, most (73.7%) patients presented with headache (67.5%) or visual disturbance (54.8%). Of 144 neuroimaging studies obtained, 80 (55.6%) had positive findings and these were significantly associated with symptoms at presentation (p=0.017) and age (p=0.034), but not sex (p=0.791). Asymptomatic females and children >12 years old were more likely to have an abnormal MRI than males and children ≤ 12 (OR=1.56 and 1.22, respectively). Conclusion: Patient demographics such as age and sex in conjunction with concurrent symptoms are important factors in determining the urgency of neuroimaging in children with suspected optic nerve head elevation.