Lorentz Microscopy

Abstract

Lorentz microscopy has been used extensively for the past 40 years to study magnetic domain structure and magnetization reversal mechanisms in magnetic thin films and elements. In this chapter, the principal imaging and diffraction modes are reviewed, both qualitative and quantitative. In addition, a description of the instrumental and specimen requirements is included, and in the final section, the application of the various techniques to the study of spin-valve and spin-tunnel junction layered structures is discussed as a means of illustrating the type of information that can be obtained.