Blood pressure and long-term subclinical cardiovascular outcomes in low-risk young adults: Insights from Hanzhong adolescent hypertension cohort

Abstract

Stage 1 hypertension, newly defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) hypertension guideline, has been the subject of significant interest globally. This study aims to assess the impact of the new blood pressure (BP) stratum on subsequent subclinical cardiovascular outcomes in low-risk young adults. This longitudinal study consisted of 1020 young adults (47.7% female; ages 18–23 years) free of cardiovascular disease from the Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort with up to 25-year follow-up since 1992–1995. Outcomes were available through June 2017. Young adults with stage 1 hypertension accounted for 23.7% of the cohort. When it comes to middle adulthood, subjects with early life stage 1 hypertension were more likely to experience BP progression, and they had a 1.61-fold increased risk of high-risk brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and a 2.92-fold risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) comparing with their normotensive counterparts. Among participants without any active treatment in midlife, the risk associated with stage 1 hypertension for BP progression was 2.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41–3.59), high-risk baPWV was 1.58 (95% CI = 1.09–2.79), LVH was 2.75 (95% CI = 1.16–6.48), and subclinical renal damage (SRD) was 1.69 (95% CI = 1.02–2.82) compared with the normal BP group. Overall, young adults with stage 1 hypertension had significantly higher risks for midlife subclinical cardiovascular outcomes than normotensive subjects. BP management targeting low-risk young adults is of importance from both clinical and public health perspectives.