Source and pathway of the western arctic upper halocline in a data-constrained coupled ocean and sea ice model

Abstract

A coupled ocean and sea ice model is used to investigate dense water (DW) formation in the Chukchi and Bering shelves and the pathways by which this water feeds the upper halocline. Two 1992-2008 dataconstrained solutions at 9- and 4-km horizontal grid spacing show that 1) winter sea ice growth results in brine rejection and DW formation; 2) the DW flows primarily down Barrow and Central-Herald Canyons in the form of bottom-trapped, intermittent currents to depths of 50-150 m from the late winter to late summer seasons; and 3) eddies with diameters~30 km carry the coldDWfrom the shelf break into the Canada Basin interior at depths of 50-150 m. The 4-km data-constrained solution does not show eddy transport across the Chukchi Shelf at shallow depths; instead, advection of DW downstream of polynya regions is driven by a strong (~0.1 m s -1) mean current on the Chukchi Shelf. Upper halocline water (UHW) formation rate was obtained from two methods: one is based on satellite data and on a simple parameterized approach, and the other is computed from the authors' model solution. The two methods yield 5740 ± 1420 km 3 yr21 and 4190- 4860 61440 km3 yr21, respectively. These rates imply a halocline replenishment period of 10-21 yr. Passive tracers also show that water with highest density forms in the Gulf of Anadyr and along the eastern Siberian coast immediately north of the Bering Strait. These results provide a coherent picture of the seasonal development ofUHWat high spatial and temporal resolutions and serve as a guide for improving understanding of water-mass formation in the western Arctic Ocean. © 2012 American Meteorological Society.