Development of semi-quantitative urinary sodium test strip

Abstract

Excessive salt consumption has been associated with greater risk of hypertension. Therefore, monitoring of dietary sodium consumption should be prioritized. As sodium is mainly excreted through urine, 24-h urine sample can be used to estimate individual sodium intake. Thus, a simple and inexpensive semi-quantitative urinary sodium detection test strip was developed based on the enzymatic reaction between β-galactosidase and chlorophenol red-β-d-galactopyranoside. When tested, color formation was distinguished at 0 M (chartreuse yellow), 0.05 M (sunflower), 0.1–0.15 M (mango tango), and 0.2–0.25 M (persimmon) sodium. Analysis from ImageJ showed a linear result (r2 > 0.9), low SD, and significant increase in magenta difference (p < 0.01) between 0 and 0.05–0.25 M sodium. Test strip can detect 0.03 M sodium at minimum but did not last for >2 days in adverse storage conditions (laboratory conditions, ∼80% relative humidity, 40°C, and direct light exposure) when stored in test strip bottles, and even shorter when exposed to the environment. The presence of urinary potassium, urea, and glucose did not affect test strip performance. Test strip produced comparable results to flame photometry with <15% variation when tested on overnight, random spot, and 24-h urine samples. Overall, the developed test strip can be used to enzymatically semi-quantify 0.05–0.25 M sodium.