A Circular Economy Approach Toward Managing E-waste in Indian Smart City

Abstract

To mitigate electronic pollution and overcome the imbalance of demand--supply ratio of electronic products, namely mobile phones in the market, design of circular economic-based novel closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network has been developed for 12-year time horizon (2014--2025) following 5R principle. The target of the mathematical model which is based on mixed-integer nonlinear programing (MINLP) is to find exact site locations of various nodes in different echelons of forward and reverse supply chain to do the techno-economic-environmental analysis. For the first time, an Indian scenario is considered with ten layer pull-based CLSC network for a smart city development involving end-of-life (EOL) and end-of-use (EOU). The economic revenue is obtained not only by selling the retail product but also from electronic waste carbon credits from life cycle assessment (LCA) and Indian government incentive in this domain following government guidelines as per national policy on electronic (NPE) encouraging foreign investment to establish electronic manufacturing in India. The multi-period, multi-feed, multi-product, multi-site, and multi-echelon model has been adapted for the smart city development project of a city in India, namely Pune, which is shown to save 98.49{\%} of electronic waste carbon emissions.