Gaussian optics

Abstract

The Gaussian method for describing the imaging of optical lenses in paraxial approximation is applied to charged-particle optics by linearizing the equations of motion.The consequences resulting from the Lagrange-Helmholtz relations are discussed, and Newton's equation of paraxial image formation is derived for the thin-lens approximation and for the Glaser model field.The imaging properties of cylinder lenses and quadrupole systems are discussed in detail with the impetus on strong focusing, stigmatic imaging, and their usefulness as aberration correctors. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.