Reversible fragile watermarking for e-Learning media

Abstract

Fragile watermarking techniques are widely applied to protect the ownership of digital media. For learning materials, high-quality images can enhance learning efficiency. This study presents a reversible fragile watermarking scheme with two-level blocks for e-Learning media based on histogram shifting techniques. The method can validate the integrity of the protected image while maintaining the high quality of the protected image. Experimental results reveal that each test-marked image maintained its high image quality. Furthermore, the proposed method can detect and locate the blocks that have been tampered with. © 2008 Springer.