Transvaginal sonography in reproductive endocrinology and infertility

Abstract

Transvaginal sonogram (TVS) is now the gold standard for the evaluation of infertility and assisted reproduction, early pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, and first trimester pregnancy-related abnormalities. Additionally, identification of fetal abnormalities is also performed via TVS. The primary advantage of TVS over transabdominal sonography lies in its ability to place a high-frequency transducer next to the regions of interest. This chapter reviews the methodology and applications of transvaginal ultrasound usage in the practice of reproductive medicine, including its use in conjunction with in vitro fertilization. Specific guidelines are presented for optimal use of transvaginal ultrasound. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010.