Botulinum toxins

Abstract

In minute doses, purified BTX-A injected into facial muscles causes temporary chemodenervation. Partial or complete paralysis of selected muscles of facial expression reduces hyperdynamic wrinkles, improves the position or shape of the brow and mouth, and even contours the face. There are discussions on the mechanisms of action of botulinum toxin, clinical effects, anatomy, indications, facial assessment, and general techniques.