The Effects of Red Palm Oil, Koja Bay Leaves, and Passion Fruit Seeds Formulation on Antioxidant Activity, Antihyperlipidemia, BDNF, and Lipase Enzyme Activity on Sprague-Dawley Rats

Abstract

Dina Keumala Sari, 1 Nurhadi Ibrahim, 2 Nina Herlina, 3, 4 Nurfida Khairina Arrasyid, 5 Ridha Dharmajaya, 6 Meike Rachmawati, 7 Noorzaid Muhammad, 8 Ivan Salazar-Chang 9 1 Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia; 2 Physiology and Biophysics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Center Java, Indonesia; 3 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Pakuan, Bogor, West Java,Indonesia; 4 Program Study of Pharmacy, Faculty of Math and Science, Pakuan University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia; 5 Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia; 6 Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia; 7 Anatomical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Bandung Islamic University, Bandung, Indonesia; 8 Cluster of Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia; 9 International Relation Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain Correspondence: Dina Keumala Sari, Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. Mansur, No. 5, Kampus USU, Padang Bulan, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Tel +62 81397177693, Email Background: Local wisdom food ingredients in North Sumatra, Indonesia, are a source of phenolics which have antioxidant, antihyperlipidemia, neuronal survival, and growth. Administering products with antioxidant properties can provide a supporting effect in preventing inflammation and neurodegenerative process. Objective: The main objective of this study was to analyze the formulation of red palm oil ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq), koja bay leaves ( Murraya koenigii L Spreng), and passion fruit seeds ( Passiflora edulis Sims) to improve lipid profile, antioxidant activity, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and lipase enzyme activity of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: This study was an in vivo and pre-post experimental study, starting with analyzing flavonoid of the three extract ingredients, then tested by giving it to rats for 14 days and ending with induction administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for two days. This pre-post study on animals involved 36 rats divided into 6 groups. At the end of the study, termination and examination of malondialdehyde, lipid profile, glucose, BDNF, lipase enzyme activity and histopathological examination were carried out. Results: The study results showed that there were significant values in several parameters, which were body weight, LDL, LDL/HDL ratio, BDNF, and lipase enzyme activity especially in the group of rats given LPS and the group with high calories-fat-protein. This study showed that there were significant differences in body weight, LDL levels, and LDL/HDL ratio in each group of rats, especially in the group given the formulation of the three extract ingredients, the significant dose showed in 300mg/kg body weight ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: The formulation of red palm oil, koja bay leaves, and passion fruit seeds showed significant reduction in LDL levels, LDL/HDL ratio, BDNF, and lipase enzyme activity. Keywords: atheromatic, leaves, plaque analysis, preventive, oxidized, LDL, nutrition, oil, seed Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a form of atherogenesis process with manifestations of atherosclerosis. 1,2 This disease process does not only occur during the aging process but begins at an early age. 1,3 Coronary artery disease is not only the third leading cause of death worldwide but also the leading cause in the United States. 4 Estimated 1 in 5 deaths and accounts for approximately with 17.8 million deaths annually. 4 Several risk factors for CAD include a high-calorie diet, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking habits, apart from that the infection process can cause atherosclerosis or accelerate the atherogenesis process. 5–8 There are several influences of microorganism infection on the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. 9–11 These pathogenic microorganisms develop and cause inflammation and prooxidant reactions in infected body cells. 1,12–15 The theory of bacterial infection as the cause of atherosclerosis is known to have a mechanism through microbial symbiosis and inflammatory stimuli, the direct mechanism is the infection of blood vessel cells originating from microorganisms that are sources of infection. Indirec -Abstract Truncated-