Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)

Abstract

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) refers to the constellation of signs and symptoms that accompany the occlusion of the superior vena cava, either due to internal or external causes. It is commonly described as an oncologic emergency, but in recent times, it has been found to not only be mostly non-emergent but also found increasingly in patients who do not have cancer. The more common symptoms are cough and shortness of breath, with facial edema as the most common exam finding. Over the past few years, grading systems for the disease have been devised to help direct various treatment options. Treatment options are based on the cause of the SVCS, the severity of symptoms, and the overall prognosis for the patient. Treatment is more directed at the underlying cancer than at the thrombosis itself. In life-threatening cases, treatment has advanced to placement of an SVC stent. This chapter will review the topic while bringing to the forefront the current approach to management.