Modification of PEEK for implants: Strategies to improve mechanical, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties

Abstract

Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK), a biomaterial renowned for its mechanical prowess and biocompatibility, is increasingly preferred for medical implants. Its natural bone-like mechanical property, ease of manipulation, and ability to mitigate stress shielding render it a standout replacement for titanium in dental implantology. Adding carbon fiber and graphene to PEEK can further enhance the mechanical properties of PEEK. However, the biological passivity of PEEK hampers its efficacy in bone repair, driving spurring research into surface modifications to enhance its bioactivity. Incorporating metal, inorganic, and organic antimicrobial agents is anticipated to bolster PEEK's resistance to bacteria, thereby reducing the risk of acute postoperative infections and peri-implantitis. Apart from its antimicrobial activity, researchers have also investigated methods to enhance the osteogenic properties of PEEK. These approaches include surface modification and blending modification. Surface modification includes physical modification, chemical modification, and biologically active substance modification. These methods can further enhance the implant integration and durability, potentially improving patient outcomes. This overview examines PEEK's processing techniques and highlights recent research achievements in improving its biomechanical, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties. Considering these strides, we argue that modified PEEK holds significant promise as a material for dental implants, charting an encouraging course for its clinical future.